Symbolism as a Figure of Speech: Meaning, Types, and Examples

What Is Symbolism as a Figure of Speech?

Definition of Symbolism in Literature

Symbolism is a powerful literary device that allows writers to convey deeper meanings and abstract concepts through concrete objects, characters, or events. At its core, symbolism is the use of symbols—entities that represent something beyond their literal meaning.

In literature, symbols are often used to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. For example, a dove might represent peace, while a storm may symbolize turmoil or change.

The roots of symbolism can be traced back to ancient texts and mythologies, where certain objects or animals were often imbued with deeper spiritual or moral significance. Over time, symbolism has evolved as a central element of literature, used across cultures and genres to add richness and nuance to narrative expression.

How It Functions as a Figure of Speech

As a figure of speech, symbolism operates by engaging readers in interpreting indirect or hidden meanings. Unlike direct exposition, symbolism invites inference, offering layers of understanding rather than straightforward explanation. 

For example, in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, the farm and its animals symbolize broader political ideologies and events, namely the Russian Revolution and the rise of communism.

Symbolism functions by appealing to shared cultural knowledge or universal human experiences. 

This allows authors to connect with readers on a subconscious level, making their messages more impactful and enduring. Readers often find symbolic texts more compelling because they offer opportunities for discovery, debate, and personal interpretation.

Difference Between Symbolism and Metaphor

While both symbolism and metaphor involve representation, they are distinct in how they function. A metaphor directly equates one thing to another to suggest a resemblance—for instance, “time is a thief” implies that time steals moments from our lives. Symbolism, on the other hand, does not necessarily equate but rather represents an idea. For example, the color black may symbolize death or mourning, depending on the context.

Metaphors are typically contained within a sentence or phrase, whereas symbols may be woven throughout an entire narrative, accruing meaning through repetition and context. In short, metaphors clarify by comparison, while symbols enrich through suggestion.

Also Read: What Is a Gerund? Definition and Examples

Why Do Writers Use Symbolism?

Evoking Emotion and Meaning

Symbolism serves as an emotional catalyst. By using familiar symbols, writers can elicit emotional responses without lengthy explanations. 

A red rose might instantly convey romantic love, while a withering tree could evoke loss or decay. These symbolic associations help readers connect emotionally with the story and its characters.

Moreover, because symbols often tap into collective or archetypal meanings, they can resonate on a deep psychological level. Carl Jung referred to this as the collective unconscious—a set of shared human memories and ideas that can be activated through symbolic imagery.

Enhancing Themes and Character Depth

Writers use symbolism to reinforce and explore major themes in their work. Themes such as identity, freedom, or morality can be subtly emphasized through symbolic elements. 

In The Great Gatsby, for example, the green light across the bay represents Gatsby’s unattainable dreams and the illusion of the American Dream.

Characters can also be imbued with symbolic traits. A character who carries a heavy burden might symbolize guilt or responsibility, while a blind character may represent inner insight or ignorance, depending on the context.

Creating Layers of Interpretation

Symbolism allows for multi-layered storytelling. On the surface, a narrative might appear simple, but symbolic elements can add complexity and depth, encouraging readers to explore subtext and alternative meanings. 

This richness invites re-reading and critical analysis, which is one reason why symbol-heavy works often endure as literary classics.

By embedding symbols into their stories, writers open up their work to a broader range of interpretations. This not only makes the text more engaging but also gives it a timeless quality, as new generations find new meanings in the same symbols.

How to Identify Symbolism in Texts

Clues in Context and Recurring Elements

One of the key indicators of symbolism in literature is recurrence. If a particular object, image, or theme appears repeatedly, it is likely symbolic. Authors often signal importance through repetition, highlighting elements that deserve closer attention. 

Context also provides vital clues. A seemingly mundane object can take on symbolic weight when placed in a meaningful setting or associated with pivotal events.

Consider Lord of the Flies by William Golding, where the conch shell, initially used to establish order, becomes a symbol of civilization and its eventual breakdown. Its recurring appearance and changing role mirror the boys’ descent into savagery.

Interpreting Indirect Meaning

Symbolism is inherently indirect. Unlike straightforward descriptions, symbols rely on readers to interpret meaning based on context, culture, and emotional undertones. 

Identifying symbolism often involves reading between the lines—asking what a particular element might represent beyond its literal appearance.

A strong example is found in poetry, where language is often more condensed and rich in symbolic content. 

In Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the diverging paths in a forest symbolize life choices and their long-term consequences. The poem never explicitly says this, but the metaphorical meaning becomes clear through interpretation.

Symbolism vs Literal Language

Literal language states facts or describes things exactly as they are. Symbolism, in contrast, uses suggestive language to imply deeper meanings. Understanding the difference is crucial for literary analysis. A literal “storm” may simply describe weather conditions, but in a symbolic context, it could represent conflict, chaos, or transformation.

Reading symbolically requires attentiveness and a willingness to engage with a text on a more abstract level. Readers must consider how elements relate to each other and to the broader narrative or themes.

Types of Symbolism in Literature

Color Symbolism

Color is one of the most visually immediate and universally understood symbols in literature. Different colors often carry consistent symbolic meanings across cultures and traditions. For example:

• Red: Commonly associated with passion, love, or danger. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the red letter “A” symbolizes both sin and the strength of the protagonist, Hester Prynne.
  
• Black: Often linked to death, evil, or mystery. In Gothic literature, black clothing or settings often indicate danger or moral ambiguity.
  
• White: Symbolizes purity, innocence, or sometimes emptiness. In Moby-Dick, the white whale takes on complex meanings, including the sublime and the unknowable.
  

Animal Symbolism

Animals in literature frequently serve as symbols for human traits or natural forces. These associations often stem from mythology, folklore, and cultural traditions.

• Owl: Universally recognized as a symbol of wisdom. In J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, owls serve as messengers, reinforcing their association with knowledge and insight.
  
• Snake: Often symbolizes danger, deceit, or transformation. In the Bible, the serpent in the Garden of Eden represents temptation and evil.
  
• Lion: Symbol of strength, courage, and royalty. C.S. Lewis’s Aslan in The Chronicles of Narnia is a lion who symbolizes divine power and sacrifice.
  

Object Symbolism

Objects in stories often carry symbolic weight far beyond their physical presence. These items can become central motifs that develop meaning over the course of a narrative.

• A Journey: A common literary symbol for personal growth or self-discovery. In The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, the protagonist’s journey reflects his inner transformation and quest for meaning.
  
• Keys: Symbolize access, freedom, or hidden knowledge. In gothic and mystery genres, keys often reveal secrets or hidden truths.
  
• Mirrors: Represent reflection, truth, or self-awareness. In fairy tales and psychological fiction, mirrors frequently serve as portals to inner consciousness.
  

Natural Symbolism

Nature offers a rich source of symbolism, drawing on the universal human experience of the environment. Natural elements often mirror the emotional or thematic landscape of a narrative.

• Seasons:
  
  • Spring: Rebirth, renewal, youth.
    
  • Summer: Maturity, passion, fulfillment.
    
  • Autumn: Decline, aging, change.
    
  • Winter: Death, stillness, reflection.
    
• In literature, changes in seasons often parallel a character’s emotional or spiritual journey.
  
• Weather:
  
  • Rain: Cleansing, sadness, or renewal.
    
  • Storms: Conflict, emotional turmoil, transformation.
    
  • Sunshine: Hope, clarity, or joy.
    

Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights uses natural symbolism extensively, with the moody Yorkshire moors reflecting the wild passions of its characters.

Symbolism in Different Forms of Writing

Fiction and Creative Writing

In fiction, symbolism is often central to character arcs, themes, and plot development. Symbolism deepens the emotional impact and often leaves a lasting impression.

Examples:

Poetry

Poetry frequently condenses powerful ideas into small spaces, making symbolism especially effective. Poets use symbolic language to layer meanings and emotional weight.

Examples:

Speeches and Rhetoric

Symbolism in rhetoric is used to inspire, unify, or persuade audiences, often by appealing to shared cultural values or history.

Examples:

Academic and Analytical Writing

While academic writing is typically literal, it often involves interpreting symbolism in literary texts or historical artifacts. Scholars analyze symbols to explore deeper meanings and theoretical implications.

How to Use Symbolism Effectively in Your Own Writing

Symbolism in Character Development

Writers can use recurring objects or behaviors to symbolize character traits or emotional states.

Example Table:

Setting and Atmosphere

The setting can carry symbolic weight. Weather, landscapes, or buildings can reflect internal or thematic conditions.

Symbolism in Setting:

Symbolism to Reinforce Themes

Themes like loss, love, isolation, or redemption can be strengthened using consistent symbolic motifs throughout the narrative.

Example:

In a story about redemption, a recurring phoenix symbol might illustrate rebirth and second chances.

Avoiding Cliché or Overuse

While symbols like hearts for love or skulls for death are universally recognized, they risk becoming clichéd if not used creatively. Instead, aim for subtlety and originality.

Tip Table:

Examples of Symbolism as a Figure of Speech

Classic Literature

Poetry

Modern Media and Film

Common Misinterpretations of Symbolism

When Symbolism Is Accidental or Over-Analyzed

Not all details in a text are symbolic. Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar. Over-interpretation can lead to reading meanings that were never intended.

Example:

• A character drinking tea might simply be enjoying a beverage—not representing British colonialism or inner serenity.
  

Symbolism vs. Coincidence

Sometimes a reader may mistake coincidence for symbolism. True symbolism is usually intentional and reinforced by context or repetition.

Tip: Ask yourself:

• Does this element appear multiple times?
  
• Is it tied to the theme or emotional arc?
  
• Would the story change if this element were removed?
  

FAQs About Symbolism as a Literary Device

Mangesh Belekar

Belekar Sir is the founder and lead instructor at Belekar Sir’s Academy, a trusted name in English language education. With over a decade of teaching experience, he has helped thousands of students—from beginners to advanced learners—develop fluency, confidence, and real-world communication skills. Known for his practical teaching style and deep understanding of learner needs, Belekar Sir is passionate about making English accessible and empowering for everyone. When he’s not teaching, he’s creating resources and guides to support learners on their journey to mastering spoken English.